Uman NUH | today: 12/22/2024
| Author(s) | Kostyuk W. S., PhD in Economics, , | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Category | Economics | ||
| year | 2022 | issue | Issue number 100. Part 2 |
| pages | 391-401 | index UDK | 331.101 | DOI | 10.31395/2415-8240-2022-100-2-391-401 (Link) |
| Abstract | Systematization of countries according to the level of their development is necessary for the study and analysis of the problems of the international economy. However, there is no single and unambiguous criterion that is generally accepted, theoretically justified. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to summarize theoretical approaches for understanding and evaluating human development, which are reflected in the classification of countries around the world. According to the indicator of the human development index, there are four levels. There are 66 countries with a very high HDI in which the index exceeds 0.800. These are primarily the countries of Europe and North America. High HDI in 53 countries with a score of 0.700 to 0.799. The average is 37 countries where HDI exceeds 0.550 and low – 0.350 – 0.549, typical of 33 countries. The leader among the countries of the world in HDI since 1990 is Norway, which topped the list 17 times. Niger has the lowest index at 0.394 and CAR at 0.397. Ukraine added 74 years in 189 countries in 2019. This means that Ukraine will be able to reach the powers of the highest level of human development. An important component of the human development index is the average life expectancy. In the study of human development problems, a new indicator is actively used – "healthy life expectancy". The world leader is Japan, where citizens live an average of 74.5 years of healthy life. The number of years a person spends in an unhealthy state is much higher for residents of poor countries. These are countries such as Somalia, CAR, Lesotho. Ukraine has a healthy life expectancy at birth of 64.3 years, which is below the European average (68.3) by 4 years and above the world (63.7) by 0.6 years. The main disadvantage of the Human Development Index is that its definition does not take into account the internal social heterogeneity of society according to certain parameters of human development. Therefore, it was logical to introduce additional indices in 2010: the Human Development Index, adjusted for socio-economic inequality (HDI); Gender Inequality Index; Multidimensional Poverty Index. Losses in human development due to inequalities in health, education and income are much lower in the developed countries of the world and amount to no more than 10 % percent (Czech Republic – 4.4 %, Slovenia – 4.6 %, Iceland – 5.8 %). Conversely, in developing countries, losses reach more than 10 %, and in some more than 40 % (Comoros – 45.3 %, Central African Republic – 41.6 %). | ||
| Key words | human development, classification of countries of the world, human development index, life expectancy, inequality | ||